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HEAT & MASS TRANSFER LAB EQUIPMENTS

Heat Transfer Lab Equipments Heat and mass transfer laboratories typically use a variety of equipment to study the principles
Heat Transfer Lab Equipments

List of Equipments

EQUIPMENTS AVAILABLE IN COMPUTERIZATION ALSO

  • THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD APPARATUS

  • THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS

  • THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THICKSLAB

  • THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THICK CYLINDER

  • PIN - FIN APPARATUS

  • NATURAL / FREE CONVECTION APPARATUS

  • FORCED CONVECTION APPARATUS

  • EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

  • STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS

  • PARALLEL & COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

  • DROPWISE & FILMWISE CONDENSATION APPARATUS

  • TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION APPARATUS

  • CRITICAL HEAT FLUX APPARATUS

  • DEMONSTRATION OF HEAT PIPES

  • VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION TEST RIG

  • AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG

The Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod Apparatus is a fundamental heat transfer experiment designed to measure the thermal conductivity (k-value) of metallic rods under steady-state heat conduction. This apparatus helps students and researchers understand the conduction process, heat flow, and temperature distribution across a solid medium.

It is widely used in thermal engineering, physics, and material science laboratories for experimental learning and research.

 

Key Features

  • Solid metallic rod (brass, copper, or aluminum) with heating & cooling arrangement

  • Electrical heater with digital voltmeter and ammeter for power measurement

  • Water-cooled chamber for constant temperature sink

  • Thermocouples or temperature sensors placed at equal intervals along the rod

  • Insulated casing to minimize heat loss

  • Easy-to-use and safe design for laboratory use

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Rod Material: Brass / Copper / Aluminum (as per requirement)

  • Rod Dimensions: 25 mm diameter × 300 mm length (approx.) (as per requirement)

  • Heating Unit: Nichrome wire electrical heater (0–200 W)

  • Cooling Unit: Water jacket with inlet & outlet

  • Temperature Measurement: Thermocouples (6–8 points) with digital indicator

  • Insulation: Glass wool / ceramic fiber

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

The Thermal Conductivity of Composite Wall Apparatus is a laboratory setup used to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity of composite walls made up of different materials arranged in series.

This experiment demonstrates the concept of thermal resistance, conduction through multilayered walls, and the effect of material properties on heat transfer. It is widely used in Mechanical, Chemical, Civil, and Thermal Engineering labs for both teaching and research purposes.

 

Key Features

  • Composite wall made of two/three different materials (e.g., asbestos, wood, bakelite, mica, glass wool, or metal plates)

  • Electrical heating arrangement with digital voltmeter & ammeter

  • Thermocouples/sensors placed between layers for accurate readings

  • Well-insulated body to minimize heat loss

  • Durable, compact, and user-friendly design

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Composite Wall Size: 300 mm × 300 mm (approx.)

  • Wall Composition: 2 or 3 different insulating/conducting materials

  • Heater: Electrical heater (0–200 W)

  • Cooling Chamber: Air-cooling

  • Temperature Measurement: 6–8 thermocouples with digital temperature indicator

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Insulation: Glass wool/ceramic fiber for minimizing heat loss

The Thermal Conductivity of Thick Slab Apparatus is a heat transfer experimental setup designed to determine the thermal conductivity (k-value) of thick insulating or conducting slabs under steady-state heat conduction.

This apparatus is widely used in engineering laboratories, material testing, and research institutions to study how heat flows through building materials, insulation slabs, or other solid materials with significant thickness.

 

Key Features

  • Provision for testing different slab materials

  • Electrical heating system with digital voltmeter & ammeter for power measurement

  • Thermocouples embedded at different layers of the slab for precise readings

  • Proper insulation to minimize external heat losses

  • Rigid and compact bench-top design

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Sample Material (Slab): Asbestos / Wood / Glass wool / Bakelite / Test material (user choice)

  • Sample Size: 200 × 200 mm, thickness: 10–30 mm (interchangeable)

  • Heater: Nichrome wire electrical heater (0–200 W)

  • Cooling System: Air Cooled

  • Temperature Measurement: 6–8 thermocouples with digital indicator

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Insulation: Glass wool / ceramic fiber

The Thermal Conductivity of Thick Cylinder Apparatus is designed to determine the thermal conductivity of cylindrical materials such as metal or insulation under steady-state heat conduction conditions.

It helps students and researchers understand radial heat transfer in thick-walled cylinders, such as boilers, pipes, furnaces, and insulation layers. This makes it an essential experiment in heat transfer and thermal engineering laboratories.

 

Key Features

  • Hollow cylinder made of test material (mild steel / brass / insulation)

  • Electrical heating element at the core with controlled input

  • Radial thermocouple arrangement for accurate temperature distribution

  • Digital indicators for temperature and power measurement

  • Strong insulation to minimize external heat losses

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Cylinder Material: Mild Steel / Brass / Insulating Material

  • Cylinder Size: Inner dia. 30–50 mm, Outer dia. 80–120 mm, Length ~300 mm

  • Heater: Nichrome wire heater (0–200 W) at inner surface

  • Temperature Measurement: 6–8 thermocouples across thickness with digital indicator

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Insulation: Glass wool / ceramic fiber

The Pin-Fin Apparatus is a fundamental experimental setup used to study heat transfer through extended surfaces (fins). It demonstrates how fins enhance heat dissipation by increasing the surface area and helps students understand the concepts of temperature distribution, heat transfer rate, and efficiency of a fin.

This apparatus is widely used in heat transfer laboratories of engineering institutions to visualize the performance of fins in real-world applications such as engine cylinders, radiators, and heat exchangers.

 

Key Features

  • Test fin (cylindrical / square pin-fin made of aluminum or brass)

  • Duct with blower to maintain uniform air flow over fin

  • Electrical heater with digital voltmeter & ammeter for power input measurement

  • Multiple thermocouples along fin length for accurate temperature profile

  • Digital temperature indicator with channel selector

  • Compact and robust bench-top unit with insulation

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Fin Material: Aluminum / Brass / Mild Steel

  • Fin Size: Length ~100–200 mm; Diameter 10–20 mm

  • Heater: Nichrome heater (0–200 W) embedded at fin base

  • Air Supply: Axial flow blower with variable speed control

  • Temperature Measurement: 6–8 thermocouples along fin with digital display

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Insulation: High-grade glass wool / ceramic fiber

The Natural Convection Apparatus is designed to study the heat transfer by free (natural) convection from a vertical heated surface to the surrounding fluid (usually air). It allows students to experimentally determine the heat transfer coefficient and to compare the results with theoretical correlations for natural convection.

This apparatus is widely used in heat transfer laboratories of engineering colleges to understand how buoyancy-driven flow governs heat transfer in practical applications such as heating coils, radiators, and solar collectors.

 

Key Features

  • Vertical flat plate made of Brass/aluminum for uniform heating

  • Electrical heater with proper insulation

  • Multiple thermocouples on plate surface for temperature measurement

  • Digital voltmeter and ammeter for heat input measurement

  • Digital temperature indicator with channel selector

  • Compact, durable, and bench-mounted design

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Heater: Nichrome heater (0–200 W), insulated

  • Plate Material: Brass / Aluminum (size: 300 mm × 300 mm approx.)

  • Temperature Measurement: 6–8 thermocouples along plate surface + ambient air temperature

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Insulation: High-grade ceramic fiber / glass wool

  • Instrumentation: Digital voltmeter, ammeter, and temperature indicator

The Forced Convection Apparatus is designed to study convective heat transfer from a heated surface to a fluid (air) when the flow is induced by an external agency such as a blower or fan. It enables students to determine the heat transfer coefficient under forced convection conditions and to analyze the effect of air velocity, heat input, and surface temperature on heat transfer performance.

This apparatus is an essential experimental unit in Heat Transfer Laboratories of engineering institutes, providing a practical understanding of forced convection applications in heat exchangers, electronic cooling systems, gas turbines, and radiators.

 

Key Features

  • Duct with blower for variable air flow

  • Cylindrical heater with adjustable power input

  • Thermocouples at various points for temperature distribution

  • Digital voltmeter & ammeter for heater power measurement

  • Orifice meter with manometer / digital anemometer for airflow measurement

  • Sturdy, compact, and easy-to-operate unit

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Heater: Nichrome wire heater, 0–250 W

  • Pipeline: GI

  • Air Supply: Air blower with speed control

  • Temperature Measurement: 6–8 thermocouples (air inlet, outlet & heater surface)

  • Air Flow Measurement: Orifice meter with manometer / Anemometer

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Instrumentation: Digital voltmeter, ammeter, and temperature indicator

The Emissivity Measurement Apparatus is designed to experimentally determine the emissivity of a test surface under controlled conditions. Emissivity is a key property in radiative heat transfer, representing the ability of a surface to emit thermal radiation compared to a perfect black body.

This apparatus helps students understand the fundamentals of thermal radiation, emissivity, and surface heat transfer. It is widely used in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering laboratories for experimental learning, analysis, and research.

 

Key Features

  • Test plates with different surface finishes (black painted, polished, rough, etc.)

  • Electric heater with digital voltmeter and ammeter for input measurement

  • Multiple thermocouples for temperature measurement of test plate and surroundings

  • Digital temperature indicator for accurate readings

  • Insulated setup to minimize heat loss

  • Compact and user-friendly design

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Test Plate Material: Mild Steel / Copper / Aluminum

  • Plate Size: 100 × 100 mm (approx.)

  • Heating Unit: Electrical heater (0–250 W, controlled)

  • Temperature Measurement: Thermocouples (Type K / J), digital indicator

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Insulation: Ceramic / Glass wool to reduce heat loss

  • Instrumentation: Digital voltmeter & ammeter

The Stefan–Boltzmann Apparatus is designed to experimentally verify the Stefan–Boltzmann law of thermal radiation, which states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature (T⁴).

This apparatus is an essential part of Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering laboratories, enabling students to understand the radiative heat transfer mechanism and compare theoretical predictions with experimental results.

 

Key Features

  • Blackened hemisphere acting as an ideal black body

  • Spherical heater with regulated power supply

  • Thermocouples for precise temperature measurement

  • Digital voltmeter and ammeter for power calculation

  • Digital temperature indicator with channel selector

  • Compact, safe, and user-friendly design

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Heater: Spherical Nichrome wire heater (0–200 W, insulated)

  • Enclosure: Blackened hemispherical dome

  • Temperature Measurement: K-type thermocouples (on heater & enclosure wall)

  • Instrumentation: Digital voltmeter, ammeter, and temperature indicator

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

  • Insulation: High-grade ceramic / glass wool for thermal efficiency

The Parallel & Counter Flow Heat Exchanger Apparatus is designed to study and compare the performance of a double pipe heat exchanger under parallel flow and counter flow conditions. It demonstrates the principle of heat transfer between two fluids at different temperatures and helps students understand the effectiveness, efficiency, and LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference) method.

This apparatus is widely used in Mechanical, Chemical, and Thermal Engineering laboratories to provide hands-on learning in heat transfer concepts.

 

Key Features

  • Concentric tube double pipe heat exchanger

  • Facility for both parallel and counter flow operation

  • Water flow controlled using rotameters

  • Digital temperature indicators for precise measurement

  • Compact, durable, and user-friendly design

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Heat Exchanger Type: Concentric double pipe (stainless steel / copper)

  • Length of Exchanger: 1–1.5 m (approx.)

  • Diameter: Inner tube ~12–20 mm; outer tube ~25–40 mm

  • Hot Water Source: Water heater with digital control (1–2 kW)

  • Cold Water Supply: Standard tap water connection

  • Flow Measurement: Rotameters for hot and cold water

  • Temperature Measurement: Thermocouples at inlet & outlet of both fluids

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

The Dropwise & Filmwise Condensation Apparatus is a teaching and research equipment designed to demonstrate the two fundamental modes of condensation – dropwise condensation and filmwise condensation.

This apparatus helps students clearly observe the difference in heat transfer rates, surface behavior, and condensation characteristics under controlled laboratory conditions. It is a standard unit in Heat & Mass Transfer Laboratories for Mechanical and Chemical Engineering courses.

 

Key Features

  • Direct visual observation of dropwise and filmwise condensation

  • Steam generator with safety controls

  • Two test surfaces: plain (for filmwise) & coated (for dropwise)

  • Cooling water supply with flow regulation

  • Digital temperature indicators for steam and surface temperatures

  • Transparent chamber for clear observation

  • Compact, safe, and easy-to-operate design

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Steam Generator: Stainless steel, electrically heated (1–2 kW)

  • Test Surfaces:

    • Polished copper/stainless steel (filmwise)

    • Specially coated surface (dropwise)

  • Cooling System: Water-cooled condenser plates with flow control valves

  • Temperature Measurement: Thermocouples at steam, surface, and cooling water points

  • Flow Measurement: Rotameter for cooling water flow rate

  • Chamber: Transparent enclosure for visual observation

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

The Transient Heat Conduction Apparatus is designed to study the unsteady-state (transient) heat conduction process in solids. It allows students to analyze how temperature in a solid material changes with time when it is suddenly exposed to a heating or cooling medium.

This apparatus is a key experiment in Heat Transfer Laboratories, helping students understand concepts of thermal diffusivity, Biot number, Fourier number, and transient conduction theory.

 

Key Features

  • Demonstrates transient (unsteady-state) heat conduction in solids

  • Solid specimen with embedded thermocouples for radial/axial temperature measurement

  • Transparent insulation for safe observation (optional)

  • Digital temperature indicator with multi-channel selector switch

  • Compact and durable design suitable for laboratories

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Specimen Material: Copper / Brass / Aluminum (cylinder or slab type)

  • Specimen Size: Dia. ~50 mm × 100 mm length (for cylindrical) or slab 100 × 100 × 20 mm

  • Heating Medium:

    • Steam jacket (2–3 bar) or

    • Hot air blower (1–2 kW)

  • Temperature Measurement: K-type thermocouples at 3–5 positions

  • Temperature Display: Digital multi-channel indicator

  • Insulation: Glass wool / ceramic wool for minimizing losses

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

The Critical Heat Flux Apparatus is designed to experimentally determine the maximum heat flux that can be transferred from a heated surface to a liquid before the onset of film boiling occurs. At this point, a vapor blanket forms around the heated surface, drastically reducing the heat transfer rate.

This is an essential experiment in boiling heat transfer studies, providing valuable insights into pool boiling, nucleate boiling, film boiling, and burnout heat flux.

 

Key Features

  • Demonstrates nucleate boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling

  • Experimental determination of critical heat flux (CHF)

  • Digital display of voltage, current, and power input

  • Thermocouple-based temperature measurement of the heating surface

  • Transparent boiling vessel for clear visualization of bubble dynamics

  • Safety cut-off to prevent overheating

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Heating Element: Nichrome wire / Stainless steel strip (diameter ~0.5–1 mm)

  • Test Fluid: Distilled water (capacity 3–5 liters)

  • Heating Vessel: Glass/SS container with transparent window

  • Temperature Measurement: K-type thermocouple at heater surface

  • Power Input: 0–1 kW variable supply with digital voltmeter & ammeter

  • Cooling System: Provision for water cooling after experiment

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

The Heat Pipe Demonstration Apparatus is designed to study the working principle and effectiveness of heat pipes as efficient heat transfer devices. Heat pipes are widely used in electronics cooling, aerospace applications, and energy systems due to their ability to rapidly transfer heat with minimal temperature drop.

This apparatus allows students and researchers to compare the performance of a heat pipe with that of a solid metal rod (conduction rod) under identical conditions.

 

Key Features

  • Direct comparison between heat pipe and solid copper rod

  • Visualization of temperature distribution along the length

  • Digital temperature display with multiple thermocouples

  • Compact, durable, and transparent operation setup

  • Demonstrates two-phase heat transfer mechanism

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Heat Pipe: Copper/SS sealed tube with working fluid (water/methanol)

  • Comparison Rod: Copper rod of identical dimensions

  • Heating Source: Electrical heater with variable power input

  • Cooling End: Water jacket/air-cooled section at condenser end

  • Temperature Measurement: 6–8 K-type thermocouples along both heat pipe & rod

  • Data Display: Digital temperature indicator with channel selector

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz

The Vapour Compression Refrigeration Test Rig is designed to demonstrate the fundamental working of a refrigeration cycle and to study its performance under various operating conditions. It helps students understand the function of each component—compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator—and evaluate the Coefficient of Performance (COP) experimentally.

This apparatus is widely used in engineering colleges, polytechnics, vocational training centers, and R&D labs for refrigeration and air-conditioning studies.

 

Key Features

  • Compact and rugged lab-scale test rig

  • Transparent piping (optional) for flow visualization

  • Digital indicators for temperature and pressure measurement

  • Flow measurement of refrigerant and cooling medium

  • Energy meter for power consumption of the compressor

  • Safe operation with overload protection

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Compressor: Hermetically sealed, 0.25–0.5 TR capacity

  • Condenser: Air-cooled finned tube / Water-cooled condenser

  • Expansion Device: Capillary tube / Thermostatic expansion valve

  • Evaporator: Coil-in-tank type or air-cooled evaporator

  • Refrigerant: R134a / Eco-friendly refrigerant

  • Measuring Instruments:

    • Digital temperature indicator with multipoint selector

    • Pressure gauges at suction & discharge

    • Rotameter for water flow measurement (if water-cooled)

    • Digital wattmeter / Energy meter

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz, single phase

The Air Conditioning Test Rig is designed to study the principles of psychrometry, comfort air-conditioning, and cooling performance in a controlled laboratory environment. The apparatus demonstrates the working of an air conditioning system, allowing students to measure and analyze important parameters such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, cooling load, and coefficient of performance (COP).

This test rig is an essential teaching aid for Mechanical, Automobile, and HVAC Engineering Laboratories.

 

Key Features

  • Compact and self-contained lab-scale air conditioning unit

  • Operates on vapour compression refrigeration principle

  • Digital measurement of temperature and humidity

  • Airflow measurement using anemometer or orifice meter

  • Energy meter for compressor power measurement

  • Provision to study cooling, heating, humidification, and dehumidification

 

Technical Specifications (Typical)

  • Compressor: Hermetically sealed, 0.25–0.5 TR capacity

  • Condenser: Air-cooled / water-cooled finned tube condenser

  • Evaporator (Cooling Coil): Copper tube with aluminum fins

  • Heater: Electric heating coil with controlled supply (for heating cycle)

  • Humidifier: Water tank with heater or spray-type humidifier

  • Air Blower: Centrifugal blower with variable speed

  • Refrigerant: R134a / eco-friendly refrigerant

  • Measuring Instruments:

    • Digital temperature indicator with multipoint selector

    • Digital hygrometer / wet & dry bulb thermometers

    • Airflow measurement device (anemometer/orifice meter)

    • Wattmeter/Energy meter

  • Power Supply: 230 V AC, 50 Hz, single phase

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